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If an ability would produce one or more mana of an undefined type, it produces no mana instead.

Some abilities produce mana based on the type of mana another permanent or permanents “could produce.” The type of mana a permanent could produce at any time includes any type of mana that an ability of that permanent would produce if the ability were to resolve at that time, taking into account any applicable replacement effects in any possible order. Ignore whether any costs of the ability could or could not be paid. If that permanent wouldn’t produce any mana under these conditions, or no type of mana can be defined this way, there’s no type of mana it could produce.

To “tap [a permanent] for mana” is to activate a mana ability of that permanent that includes the {T} symbol in its activation cost. See rule 605, “Mana Abilities.”

An ability that triggers whenever a permanent “is tapped for mana” or is tapped for mana of a specified type triggers whenever such a mana ability resolves and produces mana or the specified type of mana.

A replacement effect that applies if a permanent “is tapped for mana” or tapped for mana of a specific type and/or amount modifies the mana production event while such an ability is resolving and producing mana or the specified type and/or amount of mana.

If an object’s enters-the-battlefield triggered ability or replacement effect refers to X, and the spell that became that object as it resolved had a value of X chosen for any of its costs, the value of X for that ability is the same as the value of X for that spell, although the value of X for that permanent is 0. This is an exception to rule 107.3i.

The tap symbol is {T}. The tap symbol in an activation cost means “Tap this permanent.” A permanent that’s already tapped can’t be tapped again to pay the cost. A creature’s activated ability with the tap symbol in its activation cost can’t be activated unless the creature has been under its controller’s control continuously since their most recent turn began. See rule 302.6.

The untap symbol is {Q}. The untap symbol in an activation cost means “Untap this permanent.” A permanent that’s already untapped can’t be untapped again to pay the cost. A creature’s activated ability with the untap symbol in its activation cost can’t be activated unless the creature has been under its controller’s control continuously since their most recent turn began. See rule 302.6.

If an opponent attacks you with two or more creatures more than once in a turn (probably because they've generated extra combat phases), Trouble in Pairs's last ability will trigger each time that happens.

Trouble in Pairs's last ability can trigger multiple times per opponent per turn. For example, if an opponent draws a second card, casts a second spell, and attacks you with two or more creatures in a single turn, Trouble in Pairs's last ability will trigger once when each of those events occurs, for a total of three times.

Extra turns can still be created while Trouble in Pairs is on the battlefield. They're not skipped until they would begin, so if Trouble in Pairs leaves the battlefield before that happens, the extra turns will be unaffected.

Trouble in Pairs counts spells that were cast even if they didn't resolve. This means it still counts spells that were countered.

Trouble in Pairs doesn't have to be on the battlefield to see the first card an opponent draws in a turn or the first spell they cast in a turn. As long as it's already on the battlefield when they draw their second card or cast their second spell in a turn, its last ability will trigger.

An "extra turn" is any turn created by a spell or ability. Notably, it doesn't include additional turns taken in tournaments after time expires for a round.